Zhang, J. and Van Witteloostuijn, A. (2004). Economic openness and trade linkages of China: An empirical study of the determinants of Chinese trade intensities from 1993 to 1999 Review of World Economics, 140(2):254--281.

In the 1980s, the Chinese regime took a number of piecemeal steps toward economic liberalization. This process accelerated impressively in the 1990s. This paper reports an empirical study into the determinants of the emerging pattern of Chinese trade (export and import) intensities in the liberalization decade by exploring international trade statistics for 1993 and 1999. Four models are estimated that explain the shifts in the export and import intensities of the trade with different trade partners in the 1993-1999 period. The estimation results reveal differences for export vis-à-vis import trade intensities, as well as for 1993 compared to 1999. For example, the political determinants of trade intensities that were still very important in 1993 have been moved to the background by economic explanations in 1999.