Bennedsen, M., Hillebrand, E. and Koopman, S.J. (2021). Modeling, forecasting, and nowcasting U.S. CO2 emissions using many macroeconomic predictors Energy Economics, 96:1--17.

We propose a structural augmented dynamic factor model for U.S. CO2 emissions. Variable selection techniques applied to a large set of annual macroeconomic time series indicate that CO2 emissions are best explained by industrial production indices covering manufacturing and residential utilities. We employ a dynamic factor structure to explain, forecast, and nowcast the industrial production indices and thus, by way of the structural equation, emissions. We show that our model has good in-sample properties and out-of-sample performance in comparison with univariate and multivariate competitor models. Based on data through September 2019, our model nowcasts a reduction of about 2.6% in U.S. per capita CO2 emissions in 2019 compared to 2018 as the result of a reduction in industrial production in residential utilities.