Oosterbeek, H. and Ponce, J. (2011). The impact of computer use on earnings in a developing country: evidence from Ecuador Labour Economics, 18(4):434--440.

This paper examines the earnings premium to computer use in a developing country: Ecuador. We use different approaches to examine whether the premium is causal. Controlling for an extensive set of observables, we find an earnings difference between users and non-users of around 20%. Using first differences, the premium drops and is no longer significant in a specification that includes proxies for workers' computer experience and knowledge. Estimates of the impact of the intensity of computer use are also small and in most cases insignificant. Estimates of the pencil premium are substantial in level specifications, but become insignificant in fixed effect specifications. Taken together, also in the setting of a developing country we do not find evidence in favour of the computer premium reflecting a causal impact. Research highlights ► Controlling for observables, the earnings premium to computer use in Ecuador is 20%. ► The premium is insignificant in fixed effects model with computer experience/knowledge. ► The impact of the intensity of computer use is small and insignificant. ► The pencil premium is very similar to the computer premium. ► Together, we do not find evidence of the computer premium reflecting a causal impact.